"Legend has it that in 13th century Florence and Siena decided to use a horse race to end their land dispute over Chianti. The meeting point of two knights, who had left respectively from Florence and Siena when the rooster sang at dawn, would mark the new borders of their territories. The Florentines selected a black rooster and kept it for a few days in a box with no food. On the day of the race, when they took the rooster out of the box, he sang much earlier than dawn. Thus the Florentine knight left before the Sienese rider, meeting him only him only 20 km from Siena walls. Since then the black rooster has been the symbol of Chianti: first of the Chianti League in 13th century and then of the Chianti Classico Consortium."
In 1984, Chianti obtained the denomination D.O.C.G. (Denominazione d'Origine Controllata e Garantita, or Controlled and Guaranteed Denomination of Origin), which is the highest type of protection and recognition for quality Italian wines.
Let's learn how wine is made reading on the pages of the websites linked below, which describe all the phases of wine making from the very first moment when grapes are harvested to the final stage of bottling the wine. In the first website there is also an exhaustive use of pictures which makes our study even more interesting and gripping
It's one of the most important factors which determines the success of the grapes harvest. Not only, does the place where vineyards are grown play a crucial role for the vine productivity but many aspects such as sunlight exposition, surrounding flora and fauna, soil composition, climatic conditions and temperature influence the grape quality.
The vines should be planted with heads towards sun while their roots have to be kept cool using stones or rocks which shield them from the direct sunrays.
Soil preparation:
Soil must be dug ( dig dug/ dug) deeply enough to hold (hold/held/held) the extensive root system of vines.
Rotten farm manure and a compost made of oak, ash and lime trees have to be added to foster vine growth.
Trellis framework
After planting vines, during the first two years, their side branches will grow and expand. Branches will have to be tied up to wires and trellis without being too constrained or damaged.
Fertilization
During the first two years, in summer, once a month it's important to fertilize the vines with liquid feed to bolster its growth.
At the beginning of the third year, mulch with some well rotted manure can be added on the base of the vines. Feed liquid fertilization has to be stopped.
Pruning vines and grape production
The grapes, which are produced during the first two years, have to be left on the vines. Each bunch have to be thinned by removing 2/3 of its grapes.
At the beginning of the third year farmers have to thin bunches by 1/3 and in summer they must remove some foliage around the grapes. At the end of the summer there will be the first grape harvest.
At the end of the third year the new shoots have to be tied up and cut by 25% to support the future fruiting spurs.
In winter farmers usually use tar to protect vines from any pest that can infest stems and buds during the winter.
VITIS VINIFERA
Browse the following webpage and read about VITIS VINIFERA:
If you want to know more about the Epic of Gilgamesh here is a link which explains that the very first mention of the wine goes back to the 2nd millenary before Christ, in the Gilgamesh’s legendary epic.
Click on the following link to compare your written answer about the history of wine with a brief summary of the pages 256-257 of your book.
He was born on May 24th in Duluth, Minnesota, USA. His original name is Robert Allen Zimmerman. He was called the Shakespeare of his generation thanks to his wonderful lyrics for his songs.
In his songs he dealt with many common social, political issues like wars, fights for men's rights, or more inner and phylosophical themes like the human saddness, love or people's emotions.
Dylan began writing poems at the age of ten and soon after he learnt to play the guitar, the piano and the harmonica.
He appreciated a wide variety of music ranging from rock-and-roll, to folks songs. He loved the Beatles, Elvis Presley etc.. He played in many bands, one of the former bands was The Golden Chords, before enrolling at the Minnesota University.
He was able to compose very personal melodies and lyrics, using his peculiar language and then representing his generation's thoughts and feelings. In particular, he showed that music and songs can reach success even when they deal with the social and political themes. He chose to experiment with his music and lyrics and revolutionarized the pop and folk music.
Bob Dylan wrote this song Blowing in the wind in 1962; he was sitting in a cafe and in less than 10 minutes he gave it birth. It was issued the following year and soon afterwards was considered a protest song. The singer asks a lot of rethorical questions about peace, war, justice, and about the man's need to learn to look at things and to consider his neighbour's sorrows.
This song became the anthem of the civil rights for the young generation during the 60s. But Bob Dylan called it "just another song"...
How many roads must a man walk down
Before you call him a man?
How many seas must a white dove sail
Before she sleeps in the sand?
Yes, and how many times must the cannon balls fly
Before they're forever banned?
The answer, my friend, is blowin' in the wind
The answer is blowin' in the wind
Yes, and how many years can a mountain exist
Before it's washed to the sea?
Yes, and how many years can some people exist
Before they're allowed to be free?
Yes, and how many times can a man turn his head
And pretend that he just doesn't see?
The answer, my friend, is blowin' in the wind
The answer is blowin' in the wind
THINKING AND TALKING ABOUT THE SONG
In the first 60s Bob Dylan was optimistic about the future and thought people’s attitude and behaviour would change in a more positive way, do you think that this kind of changing really happened?
If you read attentively these lines: " Yes and how many years can some people exist, before they're allowed to be free? Yes, and how many times a man can turn his head and pretend that just doesn't see?
"
don't you think this song could be suitable for depicting the present moment?
Do you think it could be used to make people think about the everyday injustice or the current problems of immigration?
In your opinion, has this song got any moral teaching to pass on? If yes, what kind of moral message can you read between its lines?
Like a Rolling Stone is considered one of the most influential song of all time. It seems that this song could be related to one of Dylan's ex-girlfriends who left him to go out with Andy Warhol. In his lyrics Dylan tells abouts the life of a girl who had everything, who spent a wonderful rich life in the past but, who ended up with losing everything.
Once upon a time you dressed so fine
You threw the bums a dime
in your prime,
didn’t you?
People’d call, say,
“Beware doll, you’re bound to fall”
You thought they were all kiddin’ you
You used to laugh about
Everybody that was hangin’ out
Now you don’t talk so loud
Now you don’t seem so proud
About having to be scrounging
for your next meal.
How does it feel
How does it feel
To be without a home
With no direction home
Like a compete unknown
Like a rolling stone?
You’ve gone to the finest school
all right, Miss Lonely
But you know you only used to get juiced in it
And nobody has ever taught you
how to live on the street
And now you find out
you’re gonna have to get used to it
You said you’d never compromise
With the mystery tramp, but now you realize
He’s not selling any alibis
As you stare into the vacuum of his eyes
And ask him do you want to make a deal?
How does it feel
How does it feel
To be on your own
With no direction home
Like a complete unknown
Like a rolling stone?
You never turned around
to see the frowns
on the jugglers and the clowns
When they all come down and did tricks for you
You never understood that it ain’t no good
You shouldn’t let other people
get your kicks for you
You used to ride on the chrome horse
with your diplomat
Who carried on his shoulder a Siamese cat
Ain’t it hard when you discover that
He really wasn’t where it’s at
After he took from you everything
he could steal.
How does it feel
How does it feel
To be on your own
With no direction home
Like a complete unknown
Like a rolling stone?
Princess on the steeple
and all the pretty people
They’re drinkin’, thinkin’ that
they got it made
Exchanging all kinds of precious gifts and things
But you’d better
lift your diamond ring,
you’d better pawn it babe
You used to be so amused
At Napoleon in rags
and the language that he used
Go to him now, he calls you,
you can’t refuse
When you got nothing,
you got nothing to lose
You’re invisible now,
you got no secrets to conceal.
How does it feel
How does it feel
To be on your own
With no direction home
Like a complete unknown
Like a rolling stone? THINKING AND TALKING ABOUT THE SONG
This song is probably about the sad life of one of Dylan’s ex-girlfriends, do you think it could also describe some other people’s life ?
Do you
think this song could be suitable for describing the life of people who have to face unemployment or any difficult situation caused by the actual economical crisis?
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To sell food and drink products, the label must be:
clear and easy to read
permanent
easy to understand
easily visible
not misleading
You must show the following information on the front of packaged food:
the name of the food
a ‘best before’ or ‘use by’ date (or instructions on where to find it)
any necessary warnings
You must also show the following information - it can be on the front, side or back of the packaging:
quantity information
a list of ingredients (if there are more than 2)
the name and address of the manufacturer, packer or seller
the lot number (or use-by date if you wish)
any special storage conditions
instructions for use or cooking, if necessary
You must put the net quantity in grams, kilograms, millilitres or litres on the label of:
packaged food over 5g or 5ml
packaged herbs and spices
Solid foods packed in a liquid must show the drained net weight.
You must be able to see the quantity information when you read the name of the food on the label and, for alcohol, the alcoholic strength.
Country of origin
The label for beef, veal, fish and shellfish, honey, olive oil, wine, most fruit and vegetables and poultry imported from outside the EU must show the country of origin.
Ingredients list
If your food or drink product has 2 or more ingredients (including any additives), you must list them all. Ingredients must be listed in order of weight, with the main ingredient first.
Ingredient quantities
You also have to show the percentage of an ingredient if it is:
highlighted by the labelling or a picture on a package, eg ‘extra cheese’
mentioned in the name of the product, eg ‘cheese and onion pasty’
normally connected with the name by the consumer, eg fruit in a summer pudding
Nutrition labelling
You must follow the European Union (EU) rules for nutrition labelling if you want to show nutrition information on pre-packed products.
You must have nutrition labelling if:
you make a nutrition or health claim
you’ve added vitamins or minerals to the food.
You’ll need to provide this information for all pre-packed products from December 2016.
You have to follow certain rules if you want to make a nutrition claim (eg low fat) or a health claim (eg calcium helps maintain normal bones).Y
You can’t claim or imply that food can treat, prevent or cure any disease or medical condition.
Organic food
If you are a retailer, you can label products" organic as long as:
at least the 95% farm-grown ingredients are organic
you sell direct to customers in your shop
ORGANIC CERTIFICATION
you must be certified by one of the organic control bodies if you produce or prepare organic food, and want to sell or label it as organic. Onece registerd you'll have to:
follow astrict set of guidelines laid down by netional or international law
keep through and accurate records of production processes
allow annual and random inspections
This information is taken from the website: https://www.gov.uk/ and it is exclusively used for didactic purposes.
